By George Robbins
These past months have been difficult for everyone who has been trying to lives their lives the way that they used to before the pandemic began and things aren’t bound to change any time in the near future. This pandemic has fundamentally changed the way that business and personal matters are conducted and it has led to many different changes being put into effect that we will see staying in effect for quite some time. Many different forms of industry have already cemented the fact that they plan on changing things as time goes on that we now know we will be seeing companies acting very differently in the future. One of the biggest industries that have revealed their plans on changing in the future is the film industry which has seen a massive upheaval since the pandemic started back in March. As a direct result, they have since started working on ways to push their business agenda forward while working on fixes for dealing with the situation with movie theaters.
When this pandemic first began back in March, movie theaters, like all other businesses, shut down in order to follow the rules in place to keep people safe during the pandemic. Movie theaters were certainly higher on the list in terms of risk assessment and this meant that even when businesses were eventually allowed to reopen to the public, theaters couldn’t. Governments made their risk assessment decisions based upon a couple of different factors that led to their shutting down of larger populated businesses. It makes sense in terms of the overall spread of the virus as the pandemic was spreading due to the large concentration of crowds in centralized locations, of which theaters were that type of location. With this being the case, movie theaters remained shut far longer than most other businesses for months on end.
When theaters were finally given the okay to reopen their doors again, they had an even more difficult problem laid out before them and that was how they were going to bring back business. It turns out that movie theaters kind of need new movies to be showing on their screens if they want to get anyone’s attention. With no new movies to show, even if theaters decided that they would try to open their doors, they lacked any kind of incentive for customers to come in and visit that location. Therefore, even if they could open, theaters made the decision to keep their doors shut until studios gave them new movies to show. This, in turn, ended up resulting in studios deciding not to give movies to any theaters as they felt there would be no point in doing so if those theaters were not open.
What it finally ended up taking for movie theaters to get proper release dates for films was the decision for AMC to open their doors regardless of what would happen back in the middle of August. When they finally made this decision, studios stopped constantly moving their release dates around and found steady dates that they could try and release their movies. The first major studio to take that incredible leap with a new blockbuster that everyone was looking forward to was Warner Bros. with Christopher Nolan’s new movie ‘Tenet.’ The fact is that the movie had a lot going for it such as the mysterious plot that people had been teased by in the movie’s trailers and the press given by the actors which only further excited the people who wanted to go and see the film. Thus, the release of ‘Tenet’ would end up becoming the perfect benchmark for other studios to decide if they wanted to keep their movie release dates the way they were.
Warner Bros’. plans for ‘Tenet’ involved them having an international release for the film before they had a domestic release due to the state of the pandemic and how well it was being handled in various locations. Therefore, the movie ended up having a release near the end of August where the movie would end up premiering in the international market and then one week later, the movie had its premiere for the domestic market. The first weeks in both markets were perfectly fine given the state the world is in right now dealing with the pandemic and the movie managed to rake in about $150 million in those two weeks. What ended up following this however was a length of time where the movie just did not measure up to what the studio was hoping for, at least domestically, and it made almost nothing compared to its first week. What followed was just a length of time where everything seemed to be heading in the wrong direction for the movie industry.
‘Tenet’ may not have held up well in the domestic market, but it continued to do well in the international market as a whole which is how the movie has now managed to reach approximately $350 million. While this may be impressive, there are a few things to note here such as the fact that the domestic market only raised $50 million in capital and the movie also needs to make $500 million just to break even before marketing costs. Needless to say, things are not looking great for the movie, but things are even worse for the industry as a whole as a result of this. The main problem to come from the whole ‘Tenet’ launch is the fact that the film industry realized that people really aren’t comfortable with going out to movie theaters at a time like this and they feel uncomfortable trying to get a seat in a limited capacity setting. With theaters having limited seating for everyone, people have been trying to figure out just how to go and enjoy movies with people and the lack of movie variety doesn’t help.
When people would go out to the movies, they would go to see films that they had interest in seeing and as a result they would see posters for other films that were playing in said theater. When they would see these posters they might become interested in that film and maybe they would come back to see it which would help both the theater itself and the various studios playing films there. With the start of the pandemic, new movies were pulled from theaters and all upcoming releases were also changed so when theaters reopened, there was nothing playing in theaters whatsoever. With such a lack of variety, it was really only the people who wanted to see ‘Tenet’ who went out to see it upon release and therefore, attendance ended up dropping significantly in following weeks. Internationally, things were similar, but the pandemic is generally being handled better abroad so of course more people would go out and see movies.
Christopher Nolan made a point to speak out about how studios are reacting to all of this lately and said that studios have taken the wrong issues away from the ‘Tenet’ release and that they should be reacting differently. After seeing that nobody was going to be going out to see movies for the most part, almost every single movie in this year’s line-up ended up being pushed back tremendously. Nolan believes this is the wrong way to do things as they could better help theaters by coming up with better solutions to draw people in rather than move around release dates just to try and outlast the pandemic. The truth of the matter is that while studios can wait out the pandemic, theaters will end up going bankrupt soon enough with AMC even reporting a 90% loss in revenue since last year. This will only end up harming the movie industry as a whole where a large part of their revenue comes from the theatrical release of their films. It would make more sense for them to try and work alongside theaters at this point to come up with ways to get people back in the limited number of seats theaters have.
This is not the only problem being dealt with by theaters at the moment either as they have had a new trend to deal with among the industry which may further end up harming them. Recently, it has been discussed amongst various studios as to whether thy have wanted to go with straight to digital releases rather than waiting for things to smooth out with theaters. This has been a topic of discussion for quite some time now as studios like Universal have apparently been thinking about this very thing for years now and the pandemic has given them the perfect opportunity to do so. Now that many major studios also have streaming platforms of their own, they have also been discussing putting their own content straight up on those platforms. While this may sound like they are completely abandoning theaters for digital releases, it isn’t in their plans to do this. Studios have already made it known that they don’t plan on making digital their main release platform and companies like Disney have said that they will now be making decisions based upon the film they actually want released.
Essentially, Disney plans on having a Board of some kind decide on whether a film should inevitably have a theatrical release or if it should be given the full theatrical release treatment that their usual films get. Of course Disney is now in control of some of the most iconic fictional characters in existence so it would only make sense that they would try to make those films release in theaters while they put the lesser known one off projects on their Disney+ platform. The way that Disney has phrased it thus far is that some movies are just better suited for an at-home experience as opposed to a theatrical one which is apparently how they will make the decision as to which movies go where. They have already made decisions which have put some of their newer films up on their streaming platform and those have been pretty successful thus far. The two films that Disney uploaded to their service over the summer were ‘Hamilton’ and the live-action version of ‘Mulan.’ While the latter may have been surrounded by controversy, it has been a successful venture so far and the former has even managed to become the most watched film on digital thus far.
Disney was not the first company to put some of their titles up straight-to-digital, but it is not surprise that their movies have been among the highest watched this year. It also kind of helps that Disney has built up its reputation over the years to the point where even if things aren’t going well for them, they could still be seen in a good light by their fan base. That aside, they have been nailing it with their Disney+ service ever since it launched around this time last year and it has caught way more attention than people gave it credit for initially. This made no sense to begin with as everyone knew that a service with every single Disney owned movie and show on it would be an instant hit, but apparently Disney didn’t have so much faith in it. After their releases over the summer though, they have since changed their minds.
While it was pretty much anticipated that Disney would be making big moves like this, even during the pandemic, there were some things people never would have expected out of this year. Chiefly among those things nobody would have expected to see was the fact that the world finally got to see ‘Borat 2’ being made. The thing was that the movie was expected to never be made because the star, Sacha Baron Cohen, has said that he wouldn’t play the character anymore because he was too recognizable in the eyes of the public. Not too long ago, we made the discovery that someone had seen Cohen in his costume for the character driving around and thus we all became excited for the idea that the character would be making a comeback. What we didn’t immediately know was that the movie was not only finished already but that it was already screened for executives so that they could decide when and where it would be screened. Even more surprising to people was the fact that they would get to see the film before October was out.
It turned out that Amazon had purchased the rights to the movie and they were already getting ready to premiere the movie on Amazon Prime Video before we even knew of its existence. Following the announcement of the upcoming film, people immediately started getting ready to watch it and upon release, the movie caused a massive spike in viewership on the Amazon Prime Video service. The movie has now reached the point where, in just two weeks, it is about to surpass ‘Hamilton’ in terms of the most watched straight-to-digital films. It is no surprise to anyone that the controversial film would bring in such an enormous crowd, but the rate at which it did so is even more interesting as it shows the potential straight-to-digital can have when it comes to anticipated films. It is most certainly an interesting situation to watch unfold as time goes on.
By George Robbins
For those who enjoy the Halloween season, and even for those who don’t, there are a number of films that people know they will end up seeing on television on a regular basis around that time. The same logic goes for just about any big upcoming holiday seasons regardless of what they are, but Halloween is one of those seasons where you already know what you will see. One of the most iconic films to see during the month of October nowadays is the movie ‘Hocus Pocus’ which follows some kids trying to escape a trio of witches. The movie is certainly one that people recognize now as soon as they hear the name since it is something that has managed to become entwined with the Halloween holiday itself. What many nowadays may not know is that the movie was not always so popular.
The first time that the movie ‘Hocus Pocus’ released into the public it was immediately referred to as a bad movie that no one wanted to really go out and see. Over time, people’s overall view of the movie improved tremendously to the point where people actually ended up liking the movie over time. In a very fitting fashion given the plot of the film and its overall theme, the movie started gaining a cult following and the movie only ended up gaining more and more popularity over the years. Now it has probably become the film that most people recognize as being a Halloween film and everyone expects to see it when the holiday season rolls around. What some people may not know is that the upcoming film actually has a sequel that is meant to come out in the future.
The upcoming sequel for ‘Hocus Pocus’ has managed to gain a lot more traction over the past few years as the fan base for the original movie has only ever grown even more devout. People have been creating entire communities just about the film and discussing the things about it that have turned it into the cult film that it now is. The plot of the original film was something that people eventually found interesting as time went on, but there were certainly aspects that were lacking. Despite this, the movie found cult status so what would happen if the plot of the movie was also very well written? We may very well find an answer to this question as Bette Midler, known for her role as witch leader Winifred in the movie, has already said that she thinks the plot is great. Taking that with a grain of salt, it will still be interesting to see the film when it releases.
By George Robbins
Movies are in a bit of a downward spiral at the moment due to the way that the industry is handling movie releases and how far down movie theaters are going. Movie theaters are not able to bring people in the same way that they have always been able to do so and there is nothing that can really be done at the moment to change that fact. The fact remains that people are still far too wary of theaters to want to go out to them and watch new films unfold before their eyes. Businesses that focus more on just amassing large crowds so that they can make their money are the ones currently suffering the most with what is going on at the moment. Movie theaters easily remain near the top of that list because that it the basis of their entire business model.
With movie theaters pretty much down for the count on bringing in customers, they have begun to suffer significantly when it comes to their revenue streams. If theaters are suffering, then it is easy to see why studios have been refocusing their efforts on moving around release dates and making sure they have better release windows. They have been focusing their efforts almost entirely on moving dates around and trying to ensure that current projects have been getting worked on. The former side of things has even caught some criticism from one Christopher Nolan who believes they should instead be trying to help theaters by coming up with new plans. Rather than delaying their films, he thinks they should come up with new release ideas to help out theaters.
Studios are not so much focused on their movie release plans anymore, so it is unknown just how they will react to Nolan’s statement. More than likely, they won’t say or do anything at all to try and help theaters by coming up with new strategies, even though they should. In the end it would only end up helping them in the long run to try and come up with new plans to help theaters as they have become essential to their business models over time. Even if they tried to explore alternatives for film releases, the current model of release still supports more overall revenue for the studios. One would think that studios just need to come up with a better way of dealing with this pandemic and their releases, but we should recognize that it also isn’t all that easy.
While releasing films is pretty much outside of the range of many studios at this moment, making them doesn’t seem to be an issue these days. When the pandemic first started, pretty much every aspect of the movie industry was shut down and most upcoming movie projects pretty much stopped being worked on in any kind of official capacity. As a result, many films had their releases pushed back solely due to production problems and many had to wait to start filming again. Eventually though, like most other things that were shut down due to the pandemic, movie productions started back up once again. Now, movie productions are back in full swing with a few hiccups occurring here and there but there is still plenty of time for people to work on those films.
There are films that are also being worked on behind the scenes as well because they have yet to be fully established as films that will be made. Even if they are going to be made, there is still just a lot of different work that needs to be done for them to even begin the production process properly. One such project that has once again managed to resurface in media as of late is the scheduled reboot film for the ‘Resident Evil‘ franchise. The resident evil franchise has managed to bring in a massive number of fans over the years due to the video games in the series and as such a movie was made for the games in 2002. What followed from there was a series of films crafted by Paul W.S. Anderson which told a story with some characters and places from the games involved, but with a new character as the focus.
Despite this being a way for the director to bridge the gap that many saw between both movies and video games, by crafting a new story he made something people wanted to criticize constantly. Needless to say, the ‘Resident Evil’ series of films has managed to be both a successful video game movie franchise while being negatively reviewed by critics everywhere. Fans of the games have been upset with the movies for years since they chose to more-so shy away from a lot of what people loved about the games. On top of that, it is hard to make a video game movie interesting since most of the fun of games comes from the interactivity. That being said, it is still within the realm of possibility for studios to make a good movie based upon a video game.
While the balance may end up being off a bit more than people hoped for, it is definitely possible for a video game movie to be made that is able to properly make the audience entertained. That is why they are now taking their chances with a reboot to Paul W.S. Anderson’s film series which was announced back in 2018. They apparently intend to focus much more upon the story that is told in the games with a lot of the focus going into the character people know from the games. Just recently, Gotham actor Donal Logue has signed on to play antagonist Chief Irons from the ‘Resident Evil’ games and it is sure to be an interesting performance if they continue making the film in a way befitting of the games they are based on. It is still a long ways away before the release of the film, but it is one we can all definitely be excited for, as long as they can pull it off.
By George Robbins
The film industry as a whole has been trying to figure out how they should be moving forward during this pandemic and it has only become more challenging as time has gone on. Movie studios focus most of their time and effort into making sure that movies get produced in a timely fashion and then they get released straight to theaters. With theaters being mostly out of commission when the pandemic began and rules being put in place to prevent businesses from opening, studios immediately ran into trouble. This trouble ended up being worse than they could have imagined and now we are starting to see a drastic decline in movie theaters as a whole. By the end of this year alone, AMC will have almost completely run out of money and there is nothing that can help them get out of that hole they are in.
Just recently, it was revealed that AMC theaters are down over 90% in overall revenue since last year due to this pandemic which means that they are getting closer and closer to bankruptcy. The new guidelines that have been put into place which they must follow are nothing but difficult for them to work around. The rules they have been forced to follow just to open up their doors to the public revolve around them not being able to allow too many people through their doors at once. Thus, they were in trouble before they were even given the opportunity to host new movies for the public to come in and see. Theaters are a business which rely solely upon bringing people in and selling out large numbers of seats for them to make their revenue and that just hasn’t been possible.
Once the pandemic began, movie theaters immediately started trying to come up with dates as to when they would reopen their doors, but they were limited by government rules. There had to be proper measures in place for them to be able to reopen their doors with permission from the government and it took longer for theaters than most other types of business. Businesses which normally had higher population counts were forced to stay closed for a longer period of time so that people could start acclimating to the new environments more easily. This eventually resulted in theaters being given permission to reopen their doors, but they had no new product to draw people in with. Without any new movies to show, theaters just sat there with their doors shut trying to wait until new movies were launched by studios.
The problem while waiting for new movies was that studios were unsure if it would even be safe to try and release new movies even if they had permission. This problem was obviously one that could not be overlooked and many studios just decided to further delay their films and wait for a new release date. One studio decided to try their hand at releasing a film right now and that was Warner Bros. who decided that it was a good time to try. Therefore, they ended up releasing their new movie ‘Tenet‘ to theaters; first in the international market and later in the domestic market. With this movie’s release they were hoping, like director Christopher Nolan, that this movie would be the one to save theaters and bring them back into the public eye.
Unfortunately for both the studios and movie theaters alike, their plan to get people back out into theaters just didn’t work as intended. While ‘Tenet’ had a strong launch in the first weeks due to it being the first pandemic release, it died out harshly domestically over the following weeks. While the movie has now managed to rake in approximately $350 million worldwide, only $53 million has come from the domestic marketplace. While this might sound great, they actually needed to make a total of $500 million just to try and break even before counting in marketing costs for the film. When studios saw this, they immediately decided that it was really not worth trying to deal with releasing their movies at the moment and they delayed their films.
In choosing not to release their upcoming films this year, the line-up of blockbusters for this year has essentially been cleansed and no one knows how this will play out. The aforementioned issues theaters are facing has only gotten worse now and ‘Tenet’s’ director, Christopher Nolan, believes studios are making a mistake. Nolan has been nothing but a strong advocate for the movie-going experience over the years and this recent film outing of his was no different. He wanted his film to be released to theaters as soon as they possibly could and he wanted people to be able to go out and watch the film the same way they always did. That being said, when things didn’t work out as intended and studios pulled their upcoming films, Nolan became a bit upset.
Nolan believes that studios made the wrong choice when they decided to move their movie rosters around and that their reactions are not in line with how they should be doing things. He thinks that instead of thinking about things pre-pandemic aren’t helping and that studios should try and figure out how to make theatrical releases work instead of waiting things out. Needless to say, Nolan thinks that studios should be looking at other solutions to help theaters rather than just trying to wait things out. Despite the various reasons for why it is not safe for people to go out to theaters, it makes sense that he would be saying this. If things aren’t done differently, then we could see movie theaters steadily start shutting down permanently.
With Nolan’s comment about studios putting in more effort to try and figure out alternative solutions, we can see that he wants theaters to get back on top of their game. This is something that cannot be done on their own and they need help from movie studios otherwise they will have nothing to bring people in. Without movie theaters, studios will be missing out on numerous money-making opportunities in the future so it is only natural that they should try and find solutions to help them. They will need to rely almost solely on movie studios because there is nothing else that they can really do. It is unlikely that we will see anything done to help studios, but it is nice to see that someone cares about the way the industry is handling things.
By George Robbins
Even though Halloween weekend is over, there is still plenty of discussion rolling around in regards to movies that have to do with the season. It is kind of difficult not to think about these kinds of things since we revolve entire schedules off of the seasons and the holidays associated with them. Although Halloween season is a strong season for horror movies, there are still plenty of times where horror movies can be played that still make sense given that it is a genre that has become normalized over the years. Although the horror genre is generalized and those types of movies can release just about whenever they want, there is still a good window for them to release this time of year. Halloween just sets the scene for horror movies because it puts people in the mood to go out and see those types of movies.
The Halloween season is just the perfect time for people to want to go out and see horror movies in general which is why it is only natural that they have delayed the release of the upcoming ‘Halloween Kills.’ This year has just been a rough year in general for many people and the pandemic has been the root cause of a lot of distress. Many people haven’t been able to really do anything since the pandemic began back in March of this year and theaters have been suffering pretty harshly. When the pandemic began, theaters weren’t able to really do anything other than shut down and hope they would be able to reopen in the not-too-distant future. After a few months had past, theaters all over were finally able to reopen their doors to the public, but they had no incentives for people.
Movie theaters only thrive off of the fact that they have exclusivity when it comes to newer movies which mean that they are the only place to see new movies. If they are the only place for people to see new movies, then it is only natural that they would end up drawing people in who want to see those new films as soon as they can. Of course that exclusivity has a time frame, but theaters continue to keep getting new movies to draw people in and get them in seats. Unfortunately, the pandemic has complicated things as theaters have not been able to get new movies to show to the public. If studios don’t think that movie theaters are capable of bringing anyone in, then they won’t even bother sending any new movies out to theaters as there would be no point.
Studios recognize that they make a majority of their money based solely upon the sheer volume of people going into theaters. After theaters were given limitations on their capacity, they still weren’t quite sure if they should have even bothered with releasing movies. Warner Bros. decided to test those waters by releasing ‘Tenet‘ and while it may have started off strong, it ended up failing in the end. After just a few weeks, theaters saw a massive decline in attendance and it was made clear to studios that people are far too cautious to go out to theaters at the moment. It was after this somewhat failed release that they decided to push back all of their upcoming movie releases. Now there are very few movies that are still meant to release this year with no real blockbusters lined up for release.
Although it was prior to the release of ‘Tenet’ that the decision was made to push back ‘Halloween Kills,’ it was for the same reason. The studio working on the film, Blumhouse, realized that this would be the situation and so they pushed the movie back an entire year. This push is obviously one that many fans are finding fault in because it is such a heavy delay, but for the studio it really isn’t. They are still trying to get the movie to line up with its seasonal namesake for the atmospheric effect it would have and they want to release it when more people would readily go see it. Therefore, it really isn’t all that much of a surprise that they pushed the film back as far as they did.
For those unaware, the upcoming movie is the second film in a planned trilogy that has managed to successfully, so far, revitalize the character. Over the next couple of years we will, hopefully, be seeing these movies played out before us on the big screen. The big question is whether this will be the end of the franchise so many people have grown to love over the years and the answer is unknown to even the people making it. Producer Ryan Freimann, who is working on ‘Halloween Kills,’ has stated that he has no idea what will happen to the franchise after the trilogy ends. While we may not know if the franchise will continue in any way, we do know that it will always remain a legacy in the horror genre that will remain known to everyone as time moves on.
By George Robbins
The DC Extended Universe, more commonly referred to as the DCEU by fans, is home to the most popular characters from the DC universe. It has given an opportunity to many different people to be a part of a universe that features heroes many people grew up reading about. Of course the DCEU was made as a way for Warner to make their own version of the MCU by making a shared universe for the characters they controlled. Shared universes actually became something of an ideal in Hollywood for awhile because studios realized that shared universes create a lot more potential for future revenue. This led to pretty much every studio trying to establish some kind of shared universe where their characters could interact across movies.
If not for the idea of shared universes being a reality we all now live in, then we would not have gotten a lot of different movies over the past decade or so. Shared universes create more opportunities that have allowed so much to happen within the realm of movies over the years that we are now seeing incredible stories unfold that we would never see otherwise. The DC movies are a perfect example because while they may not measure up in popularity to the MCU films, they have certainly pooled together a somewhat cohesive story that fans are interested in. The biggest problem that fans actually have with the movies is the fact that the movies have a hard time of staying on track and structured properly on their own. Not only that, but they don’t play into one another very well, but they still grab attention otherwise.
The biggest DCEU film that has seen these issues crop up has been the ‘Justice League‘ movie which dropped back in 2017. This movie was an ambitious one from the start which drastically changed the way we see the DCEU as a whole. It was meant to obviously be an ‘Avengers’ type movie where our favorite characters would get to be seen on screen, but things just didn’t turn out as intended by the time of release. Many people had an idea in their heads about what the film would be like, but what they ended up with was entirely different. What people got was a movie that was reshot beyond their thought expectations, which changed the movie as a whole. The now infamous reshoots were only rumored at the time of the film’s release, but after they became apparent, fans immediately asked for a different version of the film.
For those unaware, the version of the film that people wanted to get their hands on was the Snyder Cut version of the movie made by the film’s original director, Zack Snyder. Snyder was responsible for being the one who actually created the DCEU, or at least helped start it, when he made the ‘Man of Steel‘ movie. That movie ended up being the first movie to be a part of the DCEU and it helped centralize a good portion of the series around one character. This centralization completely changed the way that the series played out and gave a lot of urgency to the existence of Superman in that universe. Therefore, a good portion of what we have seen in half of the movies thus far is that Superman must be there in order to try and fix whatever issues crop up. This is a huge point of contention in both the movies and the comics, but regardless, it has set up the DCEU.
Snyder was the man who was originally meant to direct the ‘Justice League’ movie, but he unfortunately had to drop out of the film after his family was forced to deal with tragedy. Without that, he would have made the movie the way that he wanted, but it probably would not turn out the way that people are now expecting. After the theatrical version of the film dropped to the public, fans started petitioning to get his version of the film released because his vision for the film is the one fans were looking forward to. Thus, when HBO Max launched back in May of this year, fans were nothing but excited to fins out that they would get the chance to see his version of the film coming to the service some time early next year. Since that announcement, there has been a lot of news coming out about the upcoming film that has fans getting more and more excited as time goes on.
It has certainly become clear that Snyder has been making some changes in time for the films upcoming release and fans are getting more and more excited for it now. A trailer was even released back in August which showed off some of the new changes we would get to see in the upcoming movie. That trailer was recently taken down without any kind of warning however, and this worried fans that something may have happened with the upcoming film. As it turns out, this is not the case as they will be releasing the movie the way that it was shown in the trailer. What happened with the trailer is that it was taken down due to a music dispute where a version of the song Hallelujah was used in the trailer which apparently has music rights that must be adhered to. While the song may have been perfect for the new trailer, they will have to figure out this dispute before it can be seen again.





